Water expands roughly nine percent as it freezes, generating enough pressure to split copper or plastic pipe. The break often is not noticed until a thaw, when water pours out, making prevention far cheaper than repair.
Vulnerable spots include pipes running through exterior walls, unheated basements and crawl spaces, garages, and lines near foundation vents or rim joists. An inspector notes where plumbing is exposed to cold and where insulation or air sealing is lacking.
Prevention is straightforward once you know the risks. Insulating exposed pipes, sealing drafts at the rim joist, disconnecting and shutting off outdoor faucets before winter, and keeping the home heated all reduce the chance of a costly freeze and burst.
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